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Biodiesel is a type of fuel obtained from the process of changing and refining vegetable oils. This type of clean fuel was introduced as an alternative to petroleum diesel, but it was not well received in the 1970s. But today, due to the reduction of oil resources and the increase in the need for alternative fuels, the use of biodiesel has become far more important.
The size of the molecules in biodiesel and petroleum diesel is similar, but these two types of fuel differ in their chemical structure. Biodiesel molecules are mainly composed of methyl esters of fatty acids, which include olefinic unsaturated compounds. In contrast, 95% of petroleum diesel (which has a small amount of sulfur) consists of saturated hydrocarbons, with the remaining 5% being aromatic compounds.
If ethanol is used instead of methanol in biodiesel production, the resulting molecules will be fatty acid ethyl esters. These chemical differences in the structure of these two types of fuel lead to differences in their physical properties, which are briefly reviewed below.
The advantages of biodiesel include:
– Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions due to its biological nature.
– Increasing energy independence and reducing dependence on oil resources.
– Using renewable raw materials that leads to increasing energy sustainability.
Disadvantages of biodiesel include:
– Biodiesel production requires high water and soil resources and concerns about land use change.
– The life of diesel engines may be reduced by using biodiesel.
Oils that are used on a daily basis, after production, always contain impurities that must be purified before use. Liquid oils, like vegetable oils, contain suspended and solid particles that require purification through filtration or special chemical processes. These impurities are known under the following headings in edible oils.
The trend of population growth and the ever-increasing progress of industries require the use of various energy sources. Fossil energies that have been used for centuries are not able to meet the needs of advanced industries today because these resources are non-renewable and will be exhausted in the near future. For this reason, scientists are trying to discover new fuel sources that are compatible with the environment in addition to providing the required energy.
Biodiesel fuel is one of these sources of fuel, which is produced from various raw materials such as vegetable oils, seaweeds, oils derived from animal fats, household oil residues and even household waste plastic residues, etc. This fuel is not only compatible with the environment but also has less harmful effects on it.
Petro imen Sharif has been able to prevent excessive pollution of the environment by collecting and buying waste and burnt edible oil all over the country and converting it into clean fuel. Dear ones, if you have burnt cooking oil, you can participate in this action by selling your burnt oil to Pishco.
Biodiesel is a type of renewable and degradable fuel obtained from vegetable oils or animal fats. This fuel can be easily mixed with diesel and used in diesel cars. Suspended particles and unburned hydrocarbons that come out of the exhaust of diesel cars are toxic and carcinogenic and are a threat to human health. This is in a situation where the positive results of the use of biodiesel in reducing toxicity and air pollution have been confirmed by reputable global organizations. For example, the soybean plant absorbs CO2 from the air and converts it into biodiesel after extracting the oil from the soybeans. Burning this material produces CO2, and the produced CO2 is reabsorbed by the plant from which the fuel was obtained. This cycle does not introduce any carbon dioxide into nature.
In the field of biofuels, gas and solid can also be considered as suitable alternatives for fossil fuels, but biodiesel has reached mass production due to its many advantages and is used in diesel industries.
Biodiesel fuel is a clear yellow liquid with high boiling point and low vapor pressure. Its ignition point is 150°C, which makes it a non-flammable and safe fuel. The oxygen in biodiesel causes complete combustion and produces carbon dioxide, which is why the amount of carbon and residual suspended particles is lower than that of conventional diesel fuel.
Currently, none of the fossil fuel substitutes have been mass-produced for all the world’s industries. Mankind has been trial and error to find a suitable alternative to fossil fuels, and biodiesel could be one of these alternatives that we need and are looking for.
To produce biodiesel fuel, vegetable oils or fats are combined with alcohols such as ethanol or methanol. Three processes are used to produce this fuel: catalytic transesterification of oil base, direct acid transesterification of oil and conversion of burnt edible oil to fatty acids and then to biodiesel. Due to its economy and high efficiency, catalytic transesterification process of oil play is widely used. This process has low temperature and pressure. The only weakness of this method is the sensitivity of alkaline catalysts to the purity of the raw material.
In general, biodiesel can be produced from vegetable oils, yellow grease, cooking oils, or animal fats, which process is carried out using transesterification, and its products include biodiesel and glycerin. In this process, approximately 100 parts (by weight) of oil or fat are reacted with 10 parts of a short-chain alcohol (usually methanol) in the presence of a catalyst (usually sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide) to finally produce 100 parts of biodiesel and 10 parts of glycerin. Be formed.
The catalyst used in the biodiesel fuel production process basically consists of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. In this step, first the mixture of alcohol and catalyst is added to the container of oil or fat. The important point at this stage is that the reaction vessel must be closed and insulated to prevent the alcohol from being wasted. In this step, the reaction is performed at a temperature higher than the boiling point of alcohol so that it takes place completely and its speed is also increased. The time required for this reaction is usually 1 to 8 hours.
In this step, excess alcohol is used to completely convert all fats and oils into esters. Also, the ratio of water and free fatty acids in oil or fat is controlled. If the amount of water or free fatty acids is high, there is a possibility of soap formation and also glycerin is separated as a by-product, which is considered a problem at this stage.
Finally, after the reaction is complete, the products produced include glycerin and biodiesel. These two substances contain an excess amount of alcohol, which must be removed.
Flash evaporation or distillation process is used to separate the excess alcohol present in the two products produced, glycerine and biodiesel fuel. In this process, the alcohol in other systems is removed and the neutralization of the mixtures is done before the separation of glycerin and esters. Excess alcohol in both cases can be recycled and reused using the distillation process. A critical point at this stage is to ensure that the water is completely separated from the recycled alcohol stream.
Using acid, it is possible to neutralize the glycerin resulting from the combination of catalyst and unused soap and store the product as crude glycerin. At this stage, the salt that is formed can also be used as recycled fertilizer. To obtain glycerin of 80-88% purity, excess water and alcohol are removed to obtain crude glycerin. In some applications, such as use in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, the produced glycerin is distilled to 99% purity and even more.
Sometimes, when the biodiesel is separated from the glycerin, hot water is used for washing to dry and store the remaining catalyst and soap. But this step is not necessary in many biodiesel fuel production processes. After finishing the production processes, an amber-yellow liquid is obtained, which has the same viscosity as diesel.
After the production of the final product, various dimensions are analyzed to check its quality. This includes checking for complete reaction, removal of glycerin, removal of catalyst, removal of alcohol, and absence of free fatty acids in the product.
The technology to produce this fuel is easily accessible in the country. The production of biodiesel, which is obtained from vegetable oils, can stimulate the agricultural sector. With the increase in the production of this fuel, the need to cultivate plant seeds increases, which helps to create employment in the agricultural sector. Another important point is the possibility of reusing burnt vegetable oils to produce biodiesel. These burnt oils, which are used in large quantities in food stores and thrown away at the end of the day, can be used in the production of biodiesel, as is currently done with industrial oils.
At present, the oils used in cars are converted into usable oil by using some additives after purchase. This operation recycles oils and prevents them from being thrown away, which leads to environmental pollution. The raw materials for the production of this fuel are also fully available and can be prepared. Also, the cultivation of oilseeds and the side activities that are created next to it, such as packaging, supplying and converting them into fuel, also create employment.
Petro imen Sharif Technical and Engineering Company (Pishco) has been able to contribute to the preservation and health of the environment by converting burnt oils into biodiesel fuel by employing expert forces and the support of modern knowledge.
Biodiesel is safer compared to diesel fuel due to its non-flammable flash point of 150°C. Another advantage of biodiesel is its ability to be mixed with diesel fuels at any ratio, which increases the fluidity rate up to 65%. The amount of horse power preparation in biodiesel fuels is the same as that of diesel fuels.
Using biodiesel fuels instead of diesel fuels leads to the reduction of suspended particles, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. The lower toxicity of these fuels reduces environmental damage. Also, the absence of sulfur in the composition of biodiesel reduces the amount of pollution to the environment. Another advantage of this fuel is the ability to renew its production resources, which are easily accessible.
The physical properties of biodiesel are very similar to conventional diesel. However, the characteristics of biodiesel exhaust emissions are better than conventional diesel.
Although the green and clean fuel of biodiesel has many advantages, it also faces some disadvantages. For example, the amount of oxygen in this type of fuel is higher than that of petroleum fuel, and it reduces engine power by reducing emissions. Biodiesels gel faster at lower temperatures than petroleum diesel.
During the oxidation of diesel fuel, a solid mass is formed, which remains in this state for a long time during storage. Also, this condition is common in motors that are used oscillating, such as standby generators.
As a solvent, biodiesel has a high chemical activity that makes it aggressive against materials that are safe for petroleum diesel. Petroleum fuel is reliable and consistent, although there are regional differences in petroleum diesel production units, but these differences are not very large. If low-quality biodiesels are used, irreparable problems may arise, so biodiesels must meet certain standards and be of high quality.
As a suitable fuel, even more efficient than diesel fuel and 100% alternative
The raw material for hydrogen production in fuel cells
Oil stain remover
The driving factor of diesel electricity generation turbines
Suitable fuel for home heating
In creating lighting and cooking
As a diluent for greases and industrial cleaners
Additive to diesel fuel for more smoothness
Bitumen cleaning agent
Cleanser of greasy surfaces
Ink, paint and glue remover
Wax remover and anti-dust compounds
Prevention of corrosion on metal surfaces
Lubricant for metal parts in contact
The research results have shown that if we fill up to 20% of the car tank with biodiesel, there is no need to change the ignition system or replace car parts, and this fuel can be used without any problems in today’s engines. It is natural that filling 20% of a car with this material will reduce pollutants such as carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, but in the case of sulfur this amount is even higher, because the sulfur that comes from this fuel is almost immeasurable and only 15 is a percentage To reduce the amount of sulfur in diesel fuel, it is possible to mix biodiesel with diesel.
Using a mixture of biodiesel and diesel will also be effective due to the reduction of dense and black smoke produced by diesel cars. Even the smell created by the combustion of this mixture, similar to the smell of fried potatoes and corn, significantly reduces the bad smell of diesel.
Most of the world’s energy needs are met through petrochemical sources, i.e. coal and natural gas (with the exception of hydroelectricity and nuclear energy). All these resources are limited and at the current rate of use, they will be exhausted in a short time. Diesel fuel plays an essential role in the industrial economy of developing countries and is used in transportation, agriculture, industry and other sectors. This problem has caused recent attention and interest in alternative sources for petroleum fuels. Alternative fuel should be easily accessible, environmentally friendly, and technically and economically competitive.
One of the common questions is “Which plant oil is the best choice for biodiesel production?” But there is no definite answer to this question. Because there are many differences depending on the type of plant, especially when the prices of different oils are very different. Vegetable oils have different concentrations of chemicals (usually fatty acids) that have a great impact on their performance in the biodiesel conversion process. Also, the molecular structure of the alcohol that reacts with the oil can affect the final properties of the fuel.
In general, the chemical characteristics that have the greatest influence on the properties of biodiesel include the length of the molecule, the number of branches in the chain, and the degree of saturation of the molecule.
These fuels are used for various reasons. For example, by using these fuels, the biodiesel fuel process is done more completely and this leads to the reduction of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and suspended particles. The high ignition point of biodiesels compared to diesels reduces volatility and this reduces the risks of transportation.
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Petro Imen Sharif Engineering Company was founded in 2010 by a group of engineers and specialists graduated from top universities in Iran, who believe in the motto “Desire creates” and with a focus on advancing scientific movements in the field of environmental protection.
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