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Glycerin or glycerol is a trihydroxy alcohol with a suitable hydrogen bond in water and ethanol, which is known as a sugar alcohol. Due to its solubility characteristics in aqueous and alcoholic environments, this compound is included in the subgroup of sugar alcohols. However, glycerin is insoluble in organic solvents such as ether, benzene, chloroform and other substances.
Chemical formula of glycerin: C3H8O3
The history of glycerin production was first started in 1779 by Scheele, a Swedish chemist. He succeeded in preparing glycerin by heating olive oil and lead monoxide. The chemical formula of glycerol with the symbol C3H5(OH)3 was introduced in 1886 by two French scientists, Marcelin Bartlett and Lucea. Until 1948, glycerin was obtained as a by-product in the soap production process from vegetable and animal fats and oils. But in the future, industrial processes based on propylene or sugar assumed a major role in the production of glycerin and accounted for a large percentage of the global production of this substance.
| The name of Ayupak propane | – 1, 2, 3 teryl |
| chemical formula | C3H8O3 |
| The appearance | of colorless and odorless hygroscopic liquid |
| Density | 1.26 grams per cubic centimeter |
| Molecular mass | 92.09382 g/mol |
| Boiling point | 290 degrees Celsius |
| The melting point | is 17.8 degrees Celsius |
| Viscosity | 1.412 pascal seconds |
| Solubility | in water and ethanol |
Vegetable glycerin, as a basic ingredient in soap or biodiesel production processes, is obtained from vegetable oils such as palm oil, palm starch, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, and soybean oil.
Animal glycerin, which is a natural compound, is obtained from animal fats, such as beef, in the soap making process.
Synthetic glycerin, which is produced from cane sugar or corn syrup or propylene (petroleum derivatives), is also used in various industries, including soap making and cosmetic products.
Crude glycerin, which typically contains 40 to 88 percent glycerol, is combined with significant amounts of methanol, water, soap, and salt. This type of glycerin is created as a natural byproduct in the biodiesel production process, especially in the transesterification process.
Industrial glycerin, which is purified and has a high purity of at least 98%, is colorless and transparent, does not contain methanol, soap, salt and other foreign substances.
Types of industrial glycerin include two categories: first-grade industrial glycerin, which is transparent and is used in industries such as paint and resin due to its higher quality, and second-grade industrial glycerin, which is obtained from the waste of soap factories. This type has a dull and slightly yellow appearance and is mostly used in making stainless steel and dull colors.
Medicinal or sanitary glycerin, which has a purity of more than 99.5%, is produced for use in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, health, personal care, and food industries.
Crude glycerin, which typically contains 40 to 88 percent glycerol, is combined with significant amounts of methanol, water, soap, and salt. This type of glycerin is created as a natural byproduct in the biodiesel production process, especially in the transesterification process.
Industrial glycerin, which is purified and has a high purity of at least 98%, is colorless and transparent, does not contain methanol, soap, salt and other foreign substances.
Types of industrial glycerin include two categories: first-grade industrial glycerin, which is transparent and is used in industries such as paint and resin due to its higher quality, and second-grade industrial glycerin, which is obtained from the waste of soap factories. This type has a dull and slightly yellow appearance and is mostly used in making stainless steel and dull colors.
Medicinal or sanitary glycerin, which has a purity of more than 99.5%, is produced for use in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, health, personal care, and food industries.
This product has outstanding features such as excellent lubrication and cooling. Quickly mixed with water and ammo
Glycerol has countless uses, including:
1. Ethanol production
2. Car antifreeze production
3. Production of acrolein
4. Production of hydrogen gas
5. Production of propylene glycol
6. Raw material of epoxy resins
7. Diluting solvent in pharmaceutics and production of cough medicine, medicinal solvents, serum, vaccine and suppositories, therapeutic medicine for ear congestion and treatment of mouth ulcers such as plague
8. Use in measuring the health of liver function based on absorption
9. Use in agriculture
10. The main ingredient for glue production
11. Glycerin acetate as a fuel additive
12. Preservative, solvent or sweetener in food and drink
13. Use to dry fruits and preserve the moisture of freshly dried fruits and prevent their fragility.
14. Production of nitroglycerine or glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) for chemicals
15. Manometer filler to adjust external vibrations and wet vibrations
16. Use in bubble machines to increase the shelf life of bubbles
17. Diesel production for electric car generators
18. Making protective coatings such as car paint and building exterior
19. Softening agent in baked goods
20. Stabilizer in ice cream
21. Production of health products such as skin lotion, mouthwash, toothpaste, soap, shaving cream
22. Use in medicine as a protective agent for freezing red blood cells, sperm cells, eye cornea and other living tissues.
23. Raw material for the production of animal feed
24. Raw material for the production of explosives
25. Used in personal care products as a means of improving softness, providing lubrication and emollients.
26. An alternative to ethanol without alcohol
27. As a solvent in the preparation of herbal extracts
28. Use in hair care and treatment of frizzy hair, for this reason it is used in the preparation of hair masks.
29. Emulsifier in tablets, syrups in pharmaceuticals
30. For the production of emollient, edema or laxative drugs, as suppositories for the treatment of constipation
31. Using oral glycerol to reduce intraocular pressure (glaucoma)
32. As a food additive with number E422
33. Lubrication of metal facilities and tools
34. Plasticizer and lubricant in the paper industry
35. In textile industries for fabric and thread softening
36. To increase the viscosity of liquids in various products including medicines
Forms a stable and homogeneous lesion. It contains synthetic colloids that prevent the rusting of various parts and equipment and has high resistance to the formation of foam and sediment. It also has excellent filtration capability and does not contain harmful substances such as nitrite, chlorine, ammonium, etc. With long life and good resistance to micro-organisms, it is very easy to use and maintain. This product helps clean shavings and chips, as well as the surfaces of workpieces and cutting tools, and prevents rusting and welding of newly created surfaces by cutting. It is compatible with alkaline additives and has a high resistance to fumes. This product does not foam and has a very good compatibility with hard water. It also has a high resistance to burning and does not need phosphate, ester and fatty acids to create a lubricant. It has the ability to be used in stretching, molding, and pure gluing operations. This soluble oil has high stability and is used as electrical insulation in electrical equipment such as transformers.
Production of glycerol from fats and oils:
Triglycerides in fats and oils are defined as glycerol esters with long carboxylic acid chains. Hydrolysis (saponification) or transesterification of these triglycerides produces proportional amounts of glycerol by atomic weight. In this process, glycerol has been used as a common material to produce carboxylic salts with long chains.
Glycerol is also a byproduct in the biodiesel production process through transesterification. This type of raw glycerol usually has a dark appearance with a viscous syrup-like consistency. Triglycerides are broken down by alcohols such as ethanol and decomposed into ethyl esters of fatty acids and glycerol.
Glycerol is widely produced from triglycerides, but its raw product is of variable quality. This glycerol can be purified, but the purification process is expensive and expensive. Therefore, a significant portion of the crude glycerol is considered wasted. Some glycerol is combusted to produce energy, but its calorific value is low. Crude glycerol can be purified through a process using activated carbon to remove organic impurities as well as non-reaction with alkali metal and remove salts. High purity glycerol (99.5%) is obtained through multi-step extraction. The high boiling point of glycerol (290°C) allows vacuum.
Combined glycerol:
Composite glycerol refers to substances derived from non-triglyceride sources. Glycerol may also be produced by different roots from propylene. The most important dichlorohydrin process involves the chlorination of propylene to give allyl chloride, which is oxidized with hypochlorite to dichlorohydrin, which reacts with a strong base to give epichlorohydrin. Epichlorohydrin is then hydrolyzed to give glycerol. Chlorine-free processes from propylene include the synthesis of glycerol from acrolein and propylene oxide. Because of the emphasis on biodiesel since glycerol is a waste product, the market for glycerol is very unfavorable and these old processes are not very economical. Due to the supply exceeding the demand for glycerol, efforts have been made to convert glycerol to its precursors such as acrolein and epichlorohydrin.
As a humectant, glycerin is widely used in cosmetic products, especially skin products, due to its moisturizing and emollient properties. The health properties of glycerin include maintaining skin moisture, making the skin fresh and refreshing, treating skin roughness and acne, and preventing wrinkles. This material is mild for the skin, has cleansing and disinfecting properties and has no side effects.
In addition to the use of hygienic glycerin in skin products, this compound is also used in hair care products. Other uses of glycerin include combining it with natural ingredients such as aloe vera, almond oil, and other similar ingredients that can improve the health and well-being of the hair, including preventing hair thinning and brittleness, as well as treating dandruff. Head.
The skin becomes dry and dehydrated due to the lack of water and moisture in its surface layers. Glycerin and other moisturizing agents help to absorb moisture deep into the skin by creating a layer of fat on the skin and in fact maintain the moisture of the skin and prevent it from becoming dehydrated. Also, due to the softening properties of glycerin, placing this compound on the horny layers of the skin leads to its softening and the separation of dead skin cells over time.
Glycerol is a sweet-tasting, odorless polyol molecule. Due to the very high polarity of this molecule, it is soluble in water and other polar solvents. The combination of the hydroxyl group (-OH) of glycerol with the carboxyl group of fatty acids (COOH) provides an ester bond that leads to the formation of triglyceride compounds, which are the precursors of soap production. The term “glycerin” is used commercially for products containing more than 95% glycerol.
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