What is a solar panel and how does it work?

Solar panels, or photovoltaic cells, absorb energy from sunlight and convert it into electricity using energetic particles of light called photons. Generating electricity is not the only use of these panels, however.

Other functions of solar panels include providing power to control room systems, activating telecommunications equipment, and launching sensors, as well as generating electrical energy for home and commercial use through solar systems.

Before purchasing these panels, it is important to research the different types and choose the model that best suits your needs and circumstances. Below are some of the most common types of solar panels:

1. Crystalline silicon panel

This type of panel is made up of silicon crystals that are cut from a large, monolithic block of crystal. The main semiconductor material in these panels is crystalline silicon.

2. Monocrystalline panel

In this type of panel, silicon crystals are the raw material. After melting, these crystals are molded and cut to make monocrystalline solar panels.

3. Polycrystalline panel

Unlike monocrystalline panels, polycrystalline panels are made up of multiple small crystals integrated into each PV solar cell.

4. String tape panel

In the process of making this model, sheets of polycrystalline silicon are stacked together and melted. Heat-resistant strips are then passed through the molten silicon to form the final structure.

5. Thin film panel

These panels, which are considered the second generation of solar cells, are composed of thin layers of photovoltaic materials placed on substrates such as glass, metal, or plastic.

6. Amorphous silicon panel

This model is produced using a smaller amount of silicon, but for this reason, it has a lower efficiency than crystalline types.

7. Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Panel

This type of panel is made using a cadmium telluride compound and uses photovoltaic technology.

8. CIGS (Copper, Indium, Gallium, Selenide) Panel

These panels are made by combining four elements: copper, indium, gallium, and selenide, and are mounted on substrates such as glass or plastic. Anodes and cathodes are embedded in the back and front layers to receive electrical energy.

9. Building Integrated Panel (BIPV)

This type of panel is designed to integrate with the architectural components of the building such as the roof, walls, facades and windows. Although it is more expensive, it plays an important role in saving space and optimizing the design.

10. Solar thermal panel

These panels capture the sun’s thermal energy and use it to heat swimming pool water or household needs. Unlike other models, these panels do not generate electricity.

11. Hybrid panel

In the construction of this model, a combination of organic and inorganic conductive materials is used to create photovoltaic layers. This combination increases efficiency and simultaneously utilizes the advantages of both types of semiconductors.